Forcing cooperation from its citizens, the Government has embraced corrupt and violent practices police systems have evolved to include raids and displays of power with incidents of death, abuse, property destruction and theft. The Government, established in 1975, much after the existence of PNG's tribes, has struggled to assert its control over citizens. Perceived as an enemy, citizens have little respect for their Government. Tribes have their own social structures where customary law impacts and regulates social conduct and behaviour. Many of PNG's citizens belong to indigenous tribes. This fragile relationship undermines cooperation in the forest industry social, cultural and traditional values do not align with Government's views and objectives.
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In PNG there is historical and on-going tension between the Government and civil society including customary landowners. The Government is instrumental, orchestrating a process in which foreign logging companies earn massive profits, exploiting PNG's forests at the expense of customary landowners. As allies, the Government and foreign-owned logging companies dominate the forest industry, characterized by large-scale timber extraction. In fact, customary landowners interested in developing timber resources gain support uniting to create a civil society group that becomes backed by funding offered by donor organizations. Undermined by the Government, customary landowners have little power in the development of their own forest resources. Owning 97 percent of the land in PNG, customary landowners reside in rural areas, fronting the challenges of limited economic opportunity in addition to sparse health and education facilities. The Government, customary landowners and foreign-owned logging companies are major players in PNG's forest industry. In 2006, various forest types covered more than 80 percent of the country's land, offering lucrative business and development opportunities. PNG's economy is largely dependant on extraction of natural resources such as tropical timber. Introduction Papua New Guinea's Forest Industry: An Overview
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3.2 Amendments to the Forestry Act, 2005.
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1.4 Eco-Forestry in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 1997-2007.1.1 Papua New Guinea's Forest Industry: An Overview.